Axis words: phrase1 AXIS phrase2 'a' and experiencer-verb+subject are axis-words, meaning you can switch what's on the left with what's on the right with no change in meaning. Furthermore, if the phrases on the left and right have suffixes in common, they can move to the axis-word. An example in the text is |ryca [sick] aen rydu|, where the axis |a| carries the plural instead of it being redundantly marked on the three other words. Copula: Naaah, see 'Tripling of nouns' Free phrase order: except when axis words interfere. Movement verbs: A large set of verbs involving movement (example in text: xvu). If they have objects these are locations, hence marked with the locative. If they are transitive and are turned into experiencer-verbs, the old remains in the locative and the old subject is suffixed with -ru. "xvuac" means "some(thing|one) makes some(thing|one) move to some(thing|one)" Object incorporation: VERB + OBJECT(s)+ VERB-SUFFIXES An unusual example in the text is |egie|, which takes a list of objects that differ, separated by ephenthesis, and the subject is the measure that the objects differ in, like size or color. Actually, the example in the text lacks a subject and could also be written yegie (passive), but egie is often used without a subject and in Taruven, ambiguity is king. Tripling of nouns: There is no copula, or word for exist, but a similar effect can be reached through tripling of the noun. Doubling sets it apart from other nouns while the tripling emphasizes what is unique with it. The experiencer-phenomena: A subset of verbs takes a specially marked subject (-el), and either an object marked for benefactive or another statement, an example in the text is |âr| 'to think'. There isn't a standalone complement-word in Taruven, instead there's this phenomena. Pronounciation-tips: (easier to read it out loud in your head :) ) c is /S/ j is /Z/ ^ is length (long consonants are doubled) ' on a vowel means it is the dominant "partner" in a diphthong ` on a vowel means the preceding vowel in the diphthong is dominant H is an uvular /r/ followed by an alveolar trilled /r/ åì workaround, the |ì| is an y with `, but no such thing in latin-1 two vowels next to eachother with no extra diacritics means they are separated by hiatus y is rounded /i/ but in addition the lips are extruded (further forward than french u in lune). Sounds hollow, metallic. u is the high middle rounded vowel (further back than french u in lune) o is the high back rounded cardinal vowel r is an alveolar trill