Grammatical abbreviations (see below for details) 1s first person singular 1p first person plural 3s third person singular 3p third person plural ACC accusative (direct object) adv adverb conj conjunction DP direct observation, past tense dv dynamic verb EP personal experience, past tense EVENT event nominalization IP inferential, past tense IPF imperfective LOC locative n noun NOM nominative num number OP opinion, past tense PASS passive voice PF perfective PL plural (more than one) POSS possessive prep preposition SG singular (non-plural, including zero) sv stative verb TEMP temporal TOP topic particle tv transitive verb YP hypothetical, past tense so riiva i -tsynda-ri TEMP.SG n POSS-dv -EVENT i -rhavnu-n da, vy-zhuxi-ti-n su guva, lhy my -tlhaka-vu-n 3s-sv -PF TOP 3p-sv -DP-PF NOM.SG n conj 3p.ACC-tv -YP-PF vai room sai ngai kezyl vy-byna my fala-ri LOC.PL n NOM.PL num n 3p-tv ACC.SG dv -EVENT sai zarvi tsik vy-niala-xa-n mai xindzi lhashpa NOM.PL sv n 3p-tv -OP-PF ACC.PL sv n vyl laghal sy mu linaar vy -kitsi ny -kupa-mi-n conj adv NOM.SG num n POSS-n 1p.ACC-tv -IP-PF sai naraan-ling dappa-ni vy-rhasta-ti-z da, ke -vela-rhi NOM.PL n -PL sv -adv 3p-dv -DP-IPF TOP 1s.ACC-tv -EP ty zhiizhu vy-nasha my fala-ri sai punga kezyl conj adv 3p-tv ACC.SG tv -EVENT NOM.PL tv n kavaal pa mizoi vy-nuka-ti-n sai pivri shuzh-dai prep conj adv 3p-dv -DP-PF NOM.PL sv n -PL